(revised November 2007)
In general, use Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (2003).
For spelling, use Merriam-Webster ’ s Collegiate Dictionary , 11th ed. (2005)
References such as 8.110 refer to entry numbers in the Chicago Manual of Style;
references such as 55/98 point to an example found in TS, vol. 55, p. 98.
Abba
Acts of the Apostles, the ( 8.113) [no italics]
AD 68, but 68 BC or 621 BCE [full caps and no periods] (9.38)
ad hoc
ad hominem
Adoptionism, Adoptionists (8.105, 8.107)
Advent (the coming of Christ) (8.116)
Advocate (the Holy Spirit) (8.99)
a fortiori
aeon
aesthetic, AVOID, use esthetic
African-American (noun & adj.)
agape
Age of Reason, Enlightenment, etc. (8.79)
Annunciation, the
Antichrist (the great antagonist)
anti-Semitism, anti-Semitic
apocryphal (of doubtful authority)
Apocrypha (deuterocanon)
apologetic
Apologists (Justin Martyr, etc.)
apostasy
a posteriori
a priori
Apostle to the Gentiles (8.100)
Apostles, the [when referring to the Twelve] (8.100)
Apostles' Creed (8.115)
Apostolic Fathers
Apostolic See (=Rome) (8.108)
apostolic age, community, letter, succession,
synod, etc.
appendixes
archaeology AVOID, use archeology,
archeological [prefer this spelling]
Aristotelian
ark of the covenant (8.119)
article, in this [AVOID expression “ in this essay”]
Ascension, the ( 8.100)
Assumption, the atonement, the (8.116)
baptism, the sacrament of (8.118)
baptism of Jesus, the
68 BC (but AD 68), 68 BCE (full caps) (9.38)
Baptist, the; the Precursor (8.100)
Beatitudes, the (8.116)
Beloved Apostle (8.100)
Benedictus, the
bi as prefix (typically no hyphen, 7.84)
Bible, the (8.111)
Biblical (8.111)
Biblical Commission
bio as prefix (typically no hyphen, 7.84)
bishop, Bishop Jones [see also the pope]
Body of Christ (8.116)
bread of life
bread-of-life discourse
Bultmannian
ca. [ca. 1850, not c.a] (7.56)
canon (the Jewish canon)
canon, a canon from the Code, in canon 526
(see below Code . . . )
Captivity Epistles 7.87; see also Pastoral
Epistles
catalogue
cataphatic: AVOID, use kataphatic
Catholic Church
catholicism, early
CENTURIES (8.77, 9.36, 9.37) [see
numbers also] as adjectives use this
form: the late third-century, the fifth-
century controversy, first- century
idea, but the 20th-century book, also
say during the 1890s, the 1990s, etc.
Chapters, (In Chapter 1 of his book... [in
notes, this may be abbreviated as
chap. or chaps.] in a note: e.g.,
...Fortress, 1970) Chap. 3.
charism (not charisma)
cherubim
chosen people
City of God
Christ event
Christian (but unchristian)
Christocentric
Christomonism Christology, Christologies, christological
the Church,
church, local
church and state, church and throne ,
the universal Church, the third Church
When church is used as adjective = lc, e.g., church politics church-state relations (8.106)
city of David
Code of Canon Law [the 1983 Code vs. the 1917 Code]
Codex Iuris Canonici = CIC (canon 915, or c. 1012 of the 1917 Code; cc. 1110–1111).
Code of Canons of the Eastern
Churches [promulgated in 1990]
(CCE = Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum
Orientalium ) = CCEO
coequal
Commandments, the Ten Commandments
common era = CE [full caps no periods] (9.38)
Communion (sacramental Eucharist)
communion of saints
COMPOUND WORDS (see 7.90) confirmation (sacrament)
cooperation
coordinate
councils, the council, but Second Vatican
Council (8.110, 7.90)
Counter Reformation,
covenant, the; new covenant;
covenant theology
coworker
Creation, the (8.116)
Creator
creedal, intercreedal [AVOID credal]
cross
Cross, the, when = Redemption [this usage is rare]
Crucifixion, the
Curia, the = Roman/Vatican Curia
Dark Ages (8.79)
data (plural)
Day of Atonement
Lord's day, the (Sunday)
Day of Judgment
de, (de-emphasize, BUT decontrol)
Dead Sea Scrolls, the scrolls, the Qumran
scrolls
Decalogue
de facto
defense (n.) = American usage [AVOID defence (n.) = British]
Deism
de iure
Demiurge
demotic
demythologize, demythologization
Deutero-Isaiah
Deuteronomic
Deuteropauline
devil
diakonia
Diaspora (in Biblical sense only) (8.116)
Diatessaron
Didache
Dionysius (Dionysian)
Dionysus (Dionysiac), the Greek god
Divine liturgy
divine presence
divinity (but the Divinity, as a name for God)
Docetism, Docetic, Docetist
Doctor of the Church [see also, Father, Church]
Donatism
early Christian
early catholicism
early church (8 .106)
East, Eastern (cultural), east, eastern
(directional)
East-West dialogue
Easter Day
ecumenical
ecumenist
ed. = editor(s) [singular and plural, AVOID
eds.] e.g. [no comma after, unless
used parenthetically; omit comma
when what follows is a single
instance or a short list]
elect, the
elect
encyclical (individual titles: Divino afflante Spiritu)
second, third words are lower case unless referring to God ( as in Dei Verbum).
Enlightenment, the
Enquiry, AVOID, use inquiry
epiclesis
Epiphany, the
episcopal
Epistles of the New Testament (8.114)
Pauline Epistles
Pastoral Epistles, etc.
Epistle to the Hebrews
Letter to Philemon
Epistles of Paul (see Gospels) eschatology,
eschaton
essay, in this [AVOID; say “ in this article”]
et al. [no comma before, 6.23]
Eucharist (sacrament), eucharistic
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Evangelist, the (one of the four), the Evangelist Mark
evangelist, an (a preacher of the gospel) exile, the
Exodus, the (8.116)
ex cathedra
excursus, excursuses
extrabiblical
extra-Christian
eyewitness
fall (season) (8.94)
Fall, the (8.116)
fascicle
the Father (= God)
Fathers of the Church, Church Fathers,
the Council Fathers
Alexandrian Fathers
Feast of Tabernacles
feast of the unleavened bread
Festschrift (no italics)
ff. [as in 134 ff.] [try to AVOID; if used, give one space after the last number]
final judgment
first-century (when used as preceding adj. 7.90); BUT: In the first century, the church ...
first edition
firstfruits
First Person (of the Trinity)
Flood (unless context makes cap unnecessary)
florilegium, florilegia
focused, focuses, focusing
form criticism, form critic, form-critical
[when used adjectivally]
formulas (plural)
Fourth Gospel, the
Fundamentalism (8.107) [caps only when used as the name of a specific religion or sect]
Galilean
Gentile (biblical sense)
Gethsemane
gnostic (adj.), gnostic(s) (noun,
gnosticism
gnosticizing
gnosis
God as creator
God-man
God's people
gospel (the teaching of Jesus and apostles)
Gospel (Mt, Mk, Lk, Jn)
Gospel harmony
grace
Greco-Roman
Hades (8.117)
haggadah, haggadic
Hagiographa
halakah, halakic, halkot
hand (of God)
hapax legomenon/legomena
health care (n.), health-care institutions (adj.)
heaven
Hebraic
Hell (8.117)
Hellenic, Hellenize, Hellenization
Hellenist
Hellenistic-Jewish (adj.)
high priest
High Priest (= Christ)
high holy days
higher criticism
history, historian: a history, a historian, NOT “ an ”
historical-critical (adj.)
history-of-religions (adj.)
Holocaust, the (the Shoah)
Holy Bible
Holy Land
holy of holies
holy orders
Holy Sacrifice (Mass) (8.118)
Holy See (8.108)
Holy Spirit
Holy Scripture
holy souls
Holy Week (8.95)
Holy Writ
house church
Humanists (eg, Erasmus, 16th cent.)
HYPHEN, use of, 7.82–90, 5.92–93
hypostatic union
Ibid. [no comma after just before a number; no italics]; In a sentence = lc: e.g.: See ibid. 3.
inasmuch
incarnate Word
Incarnation, the
indexes
Infancy Narratives
Infancy Gospel of Thomas
inquiry
insofar
institution of the Eucharist
intertestamental
Irenaeus's view
Irenaeus of Lyons
Israelite
Isaiah Scroll
iure, de
Jesus's name (7.22)
Jesus event
Jewish Christianity, a Jewish Christian, Jewish-Christian (adj.)
Johannine
1 John, 1 John 5, 1 John 5:3
Josephus's
Jr./ III/ Sr. etc. [no comma before 6.49]
Judah
Judaic
Judaism, Judaize, Judaizer, Judaizing
Judeo-Christian
Judea, Judean, Judean Desert
Judgment Day
kataphatic [use this form; AVOID cataphatic]
kenosis, kenotic
kingdom of God/Christ
Koran, AVOID, use instead Qur ’ an
LLL
Lamb of God
last day
last judgment
Last Supper
late Judaism, late Jewish
Latinize
Law, the (the Torah, Mosaic Law), Law of Christ
Lent (8.95)
Letter to the Corinthians [see Epistle]
lifestyle
locus, loci
logion, logia
Logos (=Christ)
Lord's Prayer, the
Lord's Supper, the (8.116, 8.118)
lordship
love feast
Lukan, [avoid “Lucan”]
Magi, the
magisterium
Magnificat
Manichean, Manicheism
manna
Markan, [avoid “Marcan”]
Marian
Mariology, mariological
mass, a (8.118)
Matthean
Medieval [ except the place Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies]
Melchizedek
Messiah ( = Christ), otherwise “messiah” messiahship, messianic, messianism
messianic secret
mid-20th century philosophy
Middle Ages
Middle Platonism
midrash, midrashic
midrashim
milieu
millenarianism, millenary
millennium, millennia
minuscule
Mishnah
Modernism, Modernists, the Modernist
controversy
modernity
moral law
Mosaic Law, the Law of Moses
Mother of God
ms. and mss.
Muhammad
multi (7.90)
Muslims, [avoid “Moslems”]
mystery religions
mythos
n. [e.g., “as cited above in n. 32”]
naïve, naïveté
nativity of Christ (cap if referring to Dec 25) natural-law concepts
Near Eastern
neoorthodoxy of Barth
Neoplatonic
neo-Scholasticism, neo-Scholastics
New Covenant, the
new hermeneutic
Nicaea , Council of (8.110)
Nicene Creed
no. (e.g. no. 12 [as in Lumen gentium no. 12]
[AVOID n. for this] n. = note [see above])
Noah
non (combines without hyphen); see also (7.90) but non-Christians
numbers, inclusive 8.13, 9.64 [refs. to pagination], less than 100 3–10, 100 or multiple 100–104, 600–613; 101 thru 109 or multipl. 107–8, 505–17 110 thru 199 or multipl. 321–25, 415–532. [NB: use the n-dash, not the hyphen, between inclusive numbers.]
numbers, in a sentence, (including cardinals) spelled out from 1 through 12 inclusive. Over 12 use number, 18, 18th, 35, 35th
Nunc Dimittis
only-begotten Son
open-minded
ORDINALS (125th, eighth) (9.8–9, 9.50–54)
Orient, Oriental
original sin (8.116)
our Lady (8.100)
our Lord (8.99)
Our Father, the
outdated
overall
over (no hyphen, 7.90)
overemphasis, overgenerous, oversimplification
paleo-Christian
paleography, paleographic
papacy, papal
Parable of the Good Samaritan
Parable of the Unjust Steward
Paraclete
paradise
parenesis
parousia, parousiac return
par., parr. = parallel(s) [to indicate a parallel
Gospel verse]
par excellence
Pasch, Christ ’ s Pasch, but paschal
Paschal Lamb
Passion, the
Passion Week
Passion Narratives
Passover
Pastoral Letters, the, Epistles
patriarch of Constantinople, the
patriarchal, patriarchs (8.100)
patristic
Pauline, Pauline corpus
pax Romana [NO ITALIC]
penance (sacrament) (8.118)
Pentateuch, Pentateuchal
Pentecost
Pentecostal [upper case regarding the
modern movement only]
people of God
Person (of the Trinity)
the person of Christ
Petrine, Petrine confession, Petrine ministry
pharaohs
Pietism
Pharisaic, Pharisees
pleroma
the pope, but Pope John XXIII
post (no hyphen 7.90) postapostolic, postexilic, postmodern, postconciliar, but post-Bultmannian, post-Mosaic, post-Pauline
précis
Precursor, the; see the Baptist (8.100)
presence of God
prediluvian,
pre, as prefix (e.g., preeminent, preexilic, preexistence, etc. 7.90)
priesthood of Christ
prima facie
Prologue of John
prophecy (noun)
prophesy (verb)
prophets
Prophets, the (part of OT; the Law, the Prophets, the Writings)
Protestant (adj. and n.)
psalm, a
Psalms (OT book), the Psalmist Psalter
Pseudepigrapha
pseudo (hyphen use with, see (7.90)
pseudograph
Pseudo-Dionysius, or Pseudo-Denis
purgatory
Q, the source Q, the Q-hypothesis
quid pro quo
Qumran
Qur ’ an [AVOID Koran]; Qur ’ anic
rabbi, rabbinic
rapprochement
re (typically without hyphen 7.90)
real presence (8.116)
redaction criticism, redaction-critical (adj.)
Redeemer, the
Redemption, the (8.116)
Reformation, the
Reformed tradition
reign of God
remnant, the
Renaissance, the; renaissance (adj.)
Resurrection, the (of Jesus)
resurrection of the dead
revelation
role
Roman empire
Romantic theology
Revised Standard Version, the (8.112)
Sabbath
sabbatical (year, etc.)
sacrament(s)
Sacred Scripture
Sadducees, Sadducean
saints, Saint John
salvation history
Sanhedrin
sapiential books (Proverbs, etc.)
Satan, satanic
Savior (Christ)
sayings source
Sayings of the desert monks
sceptical: [AVOID this spelling, use skeptical]
Scholastic philosophy, see also: neo-Scholastic, neo-Scholasticism
Scholasticism
Scholastics, the (8.105)
Scribe, the
Scribes [by analogy with Pharisees]
scriptural, nonscriptural
Scripture(s)
scrolls (in general)
Sea of Galilee
Second Adam, Second Moses, etc.
Second Coming
Second Temple
Second Vatican Council (or Vatican II)
self-consciousness,
self-communication
Semitic
Septuagint
seraphim
Sermon on the Mount, Sermon on the Plain
Servant literature
Servant Songs, Suffering Servant (8.100)
Sheol
Shiite, Shiism
signs source
sin offering
Sitz im Leben
skeptical, skeptic, skepticism [not skeptical]
skillful
socioeconomic
sola scriptura
Son of David (8.100. 8.116)
Son of Man
Son of Man sayings
Son of God (Jesus)
sons of light, sons of darkness
Sophia
soteriology
speech event
Spirit, the (8.99)
spring (8.94)
starting point
Stoic philosophy
subapostolic (7.90)
Suffering Servant
Synoptic Gospels, the Synoptics,
Synoptic problem
Talmud, talmudic (8.111)
Temple, the (see Second Temple)
temptation of Christ
Ten Commandments, the
thank offering
that (see, which)
theophany
theologoumenon, -na
Thessalonica (ancient city), Saloniki (modern city)
Third World nations [AVOID this expression]
Thomas Aquinas, [use Aquinas in preference to Thomas]
Thomistic
toward [AVOID towards] etc.
tradition, Scripture and tradition
trans. [followed in endnotes by full name:
trans. John Jones], AVOID tr.
trans [for use in compound words, see 7.90]
Transfiguration, the (8.116)
Tridentine
Trinity, trinitarian
triune God, the
Tübingen school, the
turning point
Twelve, the, the Twelve Apostles
Ultramontanes; Ultramontanism
un, in compound words, e.g. unchurched,
unfunded but: un-Christlike under [for usage see 7.90]
universal Church, the
Upper Galilee
U.S., in the
U.S. theology
Vatican II, or Second Vatican Council
verse, v., vv.
verse-by-verse (adj.)
verse by verse (adv.)
vice versa
the virgin birth
vis-à-vis
the Visitation
viz.
Vulgate
well-attested, etc., except in predicate position
Western (cultural); western (directional) Western text
which: nonrestrictive, E.g., The Hudson River, which is blue, is polluted. that: restrictive. E.g., The Hudson River that Irving described is gloomy. NB: many “ which s ” in manuscripts need to be adjusted to that.
Wisdom Literature (section of the Bible), wisdom literature (in general)
Wisdom (only if personified), Book of
Wisdom
Word of God (Logos)
word of God (Scripture)
worldview
worshiper, worshiping (not two pp.)
Yahweh
Zion
American vs. British usage (use American forms)
|
American |
British |
USE: |
|
-ward |
-wards |
toward, onward, etc. |
|
-ction |
-xion |
connection |
|
-dg |
-dge |
judgment |
|
e- |
oe- |
ecumenical |
|
-er |
-re |
theater |
|
-ize |
-ise |
organize |
|
-l |
-ll |
leveling |
|
-or |
-our |
humor |
|
s- |
c- |
defense |
But note these correct spellings: comprise, surmise, surprise
Mary Smith, “ Freeing Women from the Church,” in Let My People Go, ed. John Daly (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992) 34–76, at 39.
John Jones, Philoxenia: Festschrift für Bernhard Kotting, gewidmet von seinen griechischen Schülern (Münster: Aschendorff, 1980).
L'Orthodoxie hier et demain , ed. Ion Bria et al. (Paris: Buchet-Chastel, 1979).
[no comma before et al.]
Russian Orthodoxy under the Old Regime , ed. Robert L. Nichols and Theofanis George Stavrou (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1978). [NB: NOT eds.]
John Jones, The World, trans. John Smith (Toronto: Random House, 1994) 94.
Karl Rahner, “ God is Love,” in Theological Investigations 5, trans. Karl Kruger (Baltimore: Helicon, 1966) 193–214; translation slightly modified.
Mary Smith, Hello Jesus!, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Fowler, 1990).
Tractatus 2, 2nd rev. ed. (Malines: Jones, 1930).
Paul Evdokimov, La femme et le salut du monde: Etude d'anthropologie chrétienne sur les charismes de la femme , rev. ed. (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1980; originally published in 1900).
OR (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1980; orig. ed. 1900) 145.
ALSO (Buffalo: Prometheus, 1985; German original 1901).
Michel Sesan, "De l'Orthodoxie," Theologia 50 (1979) 122–31.
Giorgio Fedalto, La chiesa latina in Oriente 1, 2nd ed. (Verona: Mazziana, 1981).
Nikodim [Rotov], Johannes XXIII: Ein unbequemer Optimist, ed. Robert Hotz, S.J. (Zurich: Benziger, 1978).
Derrida, "Des Tours de Babel" 98.
"Lehre vom Geist" 110.
See God and Creatures 399–417.
See n. 9 above.
See James Jones, Body Theology (n. 10 above).
Lumen gentium no. 5; Lumen gentium nos. 24–28.
Ibid. 148.
See ibid. 227 n. 2. [no comma before “ n.”]
For proof, see Schubert Ogden, The Point of Life (London: SCM, 1982). [NB: no comma after "see"; AVOID “cf.”]
John Jones, A History of India, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: House, 1994) 2:334.
The Letters of God, 3 vols., ed. J. C. Smith (Oxford: Easy, 1994).
Handbuch der Theologie, 2 vols., ed. Thomas Jones (Düsseldorf: Patmos, 1992) 1:261–83.
I Believe in the Holy Spirit , 3 vols., trans. Mary Smith (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis; and Leuven: Peeters, 1992).
John Jones, "The Challenge of Theology," in Jews and Christians, ed. Mary Smith, Louvain Theological and Pastoral Monographs 21 (Leuven: Peeters, 1997) 95–132.
L ’ Osservatore Romano [English ed.], June 27, 1997, 1.
New York Times, sec. 1A., February 17, 1994.
Scott Jones, "Childhood's End," New Yorker, February 18 ,1990, 54–55.
The film Rosemary's Baby treats this theme.
Hans-Georg Beck, Geschichte der orthodoxen Kirche im byzantinischen Reich. Die Kirche in ihrer Geschichte 1/DI (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1980) 67–69.
Anastasios Kallis, Orthodoxie: Was ist das? Orthodoxe Perspektiven 1 (Mainz: Matthias-Grünewald, 1979).
Biblical Commission, “ Interpretation of Dogmas in the Catholic Doctrine,” Origins 20 (May 17, 1990) 1–14, at 4; hereafter cited as "Interpretation of Dogmas."
Westminster, Md. [other states: N.Y., N.J., Mass., Pa., Mo. etc.] See Chicago Manual of Style 15.29
Series: MG 15.144 ff.; SC etc. [No italics for series, except The Ante-Nicene Fathers].
See Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ser. 1, vol. 3, 234.
Migne, PG 44.137d–140c; PL 23.931a; GCS 6.156.18–26.
Sources chrétiennes (hereafter SC); Hymns on the Church 36.6 (CSCO 199.88); Demonstrations 6.17 (SC 349. 405).
Summa theologiae (hereafter ST) 1, q. 104, a. 1.
ST 3, q. 110, a. 2
ST 1, qq. 111–23
ST 2–2, q. 185, a. 1 c
Summa contra gentiles (hereafter SCG) 3, chap. 66.7, or chaps. 63–77.
In II. Sent. d. 2, q. 1, a. 3, ad 1.
De potentia q. 4, a. 1 c.
Augustine, De Trinitate.
Later in the article: Trin. 13.14.23; 13.19.24.
De doctrina christiana 2.41.62.
Confessions 1.26.
Stromateis VII 2.12.5 (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahhunderten [hereafter GCS] 17.10.4.
Later references: Strom. IV 24.154.5 (GCS 15.316.30 ff.).
A. Renoux, Le Codex Arménien, Patrologia orientalis 7 (Brussels: Desclée, 1945).
John of Damascene, De fide 3, chaps. 3–9 (PG 94.987b–1017b).
Studia patristica 17, ed. Elizabeth A. Livingstone, 3 vols. (Oxford: Pergamon, 1982) 1:147–59, at 152.
(1), (2), and (3)
Or
(a), (b), and (c).
For organizations, e.g., UNESCO, WCC, etc. [see 15.25–26].
PREFIXES: Most prefixes are not hyphenated. Webster gives long lists of examples.